The complexity of planning and execution of military operations in urban environments with the presence of civilian population

Abstract

These operations are extremely challenging due to the density of infrastructure, concentration of people and the multiple geographical dimensions to consider (horizontal, vertical and underground). Armies face logistical, visibility and mobility difficulties, aggravated by the presence of civilians, which increases the risk of casualties and collateral damage. In addition, the
need to respect the International Law of Armed Conflict (DICA) and apply advanced intelligence to minimize damage is emphasized. Expanding cities will continue to be crucial battlefields.